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'''Greenfield International Airport''' (IATA: '''GIA''', ICAO: '''KGIA''', FAA LID: '''GIA'''), typically referred to as Greenfield Airport, is an international airport located on the northeast side of Greenfield, [[wikipedia:California|California]]. Operated by the Greenfield Department of Aviation, and covering over 4 kilometers of land, GIA has non-stop flights to over 130 destinations in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania as of 2022.
'''Greenfield International Airport''' (IATA: '''GIA''', ICAO: '''KGIA''', FAA LID: '''GIA'''), typically referred to as Greenfield Airport, is an international airport located on the northeast side of Greenfield, [[wikipedia:California|California]]. Operated by the Greenfield Department of Aviation, and covering over 4 square kilometers (~1000 acres) of land, GIA has non-stop flights to over 130 destinations in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania as of 2023.


GIA began as an airfield for manufacturing C-54 military transports during World War II. As one of the first airports developed after the war, GIA's innovative design pioneered concepts such as concourses, direct highway access to the terminal, jet bridges, and underground refueling systems. GIA became famous during the jet age, holding the distinction as one of the world's top fifty busiest airports from 1963 to 1998, reaching 27th place in 1994. In 2019 it was the world's ninety-sixth-busiest airport, serving 20 million passengers.   
GIA began as an airfield for manufacturing C-54 military transports during World War II. As one of the first airports developed after the war, GIA's innovative design pioneered concepts such as concourses, direct highway access to the terminal, jet bridges, and underground refueling systems. GIA became well-known during the jet age, holding the distinction as one of the world's top fifty busiest airports from 1963 to 1998, reaching 27th place in 1994. In 2019 it was the world's ninety-sixth-busiest airport, serving 20 million passengers.   


GIA also serves as the primary western hub for [[SkyLiners Airlines]], and is the companies second largest hub.  
GIA also serves as the primary west coast hub for [[SkyLiners Airlines]], and is the company's second largest hub.  


== History ==
== History ==
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During World War II the United States Navy used the airport as a training facility as well as a construction site for the manufacturing of the Douglas C-54 Skymaster military transports. A major defense contractor and contributor to World War II transport production, C54 Aircrafts, later known as Derksair, had their headquarters on the border of the Municipal field, and built many of their military aircraft theere. Derksair used the airport for test and delivery flights from 1935 to 1952 when their main facility burned to the ground.
During World War II the United States Navy used the airport as a training facility as well as a construction site for the manufacturing of the Douglas C-54 Skymaster military transports. A major defense contractor and contributor to World War II transport production, C54 Aircrafts, later known as Derksair, had their headquarters on the border of the Municipal field, and built many of their military aircraft theere. Derksair used the airport for test and delivery flights from 1935 to 1952 when their main facility burned to the ground.


Because of its location next to the Pacific ocean, it was believed that the airport could be a target for Japanese retaliation especially after Pearl Harbor. Special care was taken to protect the construction facilities including building a fake neighborhood on the roof of the warehouse. This town known as Little Lannex was made of wood and fabric and hid the massive construction hangar from the sky. However Greenfield never saw any combat during the war, and in a cruel turn of fate the supplies on the roof are believed to have caused the fire that burned down the facility and caused Derksair to go out of business at the end of the war. The vacant space left by the hangar was used in later years to develop jet age terminals.
Because of its location next to the Pacific ocean, it was believed that the airport could be a target for Japanese retaliation, especially after what happened in Pearl Harbor. Special care was taken to protect the construction facilities including building a fake neighborhood on the roof of the warehouse. This town known as Little Lannex was made of wood and fabric and hid the massive construction hangar from the sky. However, Greenfield never saw any combat during the war, and in a cruel turn of fate the supplies on the roof are believed to have caused the fire that burned down the facility and caused Derksair to go out of business at the end of the war. The vacant space left by the hangar was used in later years to develop jet age terminals.


=== Passenger service and growth ===
=== Passenger service and growth ===
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Like many airports across the nation, the ageing terminal 2/3 are causing delays. Current plans involve the continued modernization of the baggage systems which started in 2012. A new terminal end is being built at the end of terminal 3, expanding the amount of gates to the terminal by 4. Minor updates to the facility will occur along side the construction.
Like many airports across the nation, the ageing terminal 2/3 are causing delays. Current plans involve the continued modernization of the baggage systems which started in 2012. A new terminal end is being built at the end of terminal 3, expanding the amount of gates to the terminal by 4. Minor updates to the facility will occur along side the construction.


However, with airlines replacing traditional hub-and-spoke models with point-to-point models, large aircraft such as the 787 Dreamliner or the A350 will need to be able to land here. Unfortunately, runway extensions proposals have been rejected due to concerns regarding noise pollution in Lannex and aquatic conservation in the bay.
The comparatively short runways has caused concerns for aviation safety; however, runway extension proposals have been rejected due to concerns regarding noise pollution in Lannex and aquatic conservation in the bay.


== Build History ==
== Build History ==
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=== Runways ===
=== Runways ===
Greenfield International has 3 runways, 09R/27L, 09L/27R, and 03/21, all made from concrete. The 27L/R parallel runways have a separation of only 208 meters (682 feet), too little for a conventional SOIA approach to be carried out; a SOIA approach requires runways to be at least 229 meters (750 feet) apart. Therefore, at peak hours for aircraft movements where parallel takeoffs/landings are used, it is temporarily a Category C airport, meaning that pilots have to carry out special training in a simulator to land when parallel landings are in effect.
Greenfield International has 3 runways, 09R/27L, 09L/27R, and 03/21, all made from concrete. 09R/27L is the runway used for roughly 85% of all operations as it is the longest of the runways. 09L/27R is mainly used for smaller narrowbodies and private aircraft. 03/21 is very rarely used for any commercial operations due to its length, instead it acts as a runway for general aviation.


There have been cases of runway overruns due to unfavourable conditions resulting from the short runways (longest one, 09R/27L, is only just under 2,000m long), most notably [[Golden Pacific Flight 008]] which overran the runway during a strong crosswind and crashed through the eastern airport fences and onto [[I-205]]. This prompted a complete closure of said section for 2 weeks and resulted in heavy traffic in the [[Lannex]] roads due to diversion.
As the two 09/27 runways have a separation of just under 700 feet, under the FAA required separation for simultaneous parallel approaches (750 feet), all operations when utilizing both runways have to be staged for safety reasons.
 
==== Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach ====
The airport runways that head west were granted SOIA compliant in 2016 after a slightly intense vote in the FAA administration, now being one of the 3 airports in the US actively conducting SOIA approaches (San Francisco and Cleveland International).
 
However, such approaches may not be used after sunset (times are directed by ATC) after the Vision Airlines Flight 3015 incident. In 2021, due to concerns regarding wake turbulence from such little runway separation, parallel landings (with SOIA approaches) and takeoffs may not be carried out when resultant crosswinds are over 10 knots.


=== Hotel ===
=== Hotel ===
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There is a business/private aviation facility which is located within the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers, including a passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business center facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangars are also provided for private aircraft.  
There is a business/private aviation facility which is located within the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers, including a passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business center facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangars are also provided for private aircraft.  


Directly accessible from northern [[Whitestone]] is a general aviation facility, which is located to the right of runway 21. It has its own hangar and is operated by an undisclosed company<sup>[''name?'']</sup>.
Directly accessible from northern [[Whitestone]] is a general aviation facility, which is located to the right of runway 21. It has its own hangar and is operated by an undisclosed company.


==== Preserved Midwestern DC-10 ====
==== Preserved Midwestern DC-10 ====
[[File:Midwestern DC-10-30 at GIA-1.png|thumb|The preserved Midwestern DC-10-30.]]
[[File:Midwestern DC-10-30 at GIA-1.png|thumb|The preserved Midwestern DC-10-30.]]
To the southeast of the runway threshold and directly visible from eastbound [[I-205]] is a preserved Douglas DC-10-30 (N218MW).
To the southeast of the runway threshold of 27L and directly visible from eastbound [[I-205]] is a preserved Douglas DC-10-30 (N218MW).


It is an old Midwestern Airlines DC-10-30 that was in service since 1971 and used to fly to GIA in the early 2000s but the airline ceased operations and this airframe has remained at GIA ever since. It is now preserved by the 0C-10 Club and not accessible to the public. The 0C-10 club holds events for club members and contributors at the site once a year or so.
It is an old Midwestern Airlines DC-10-30 that was in service since 1971 and used to fly to GIA in the early 2000s but the airline ceased operations and this airframe has remained at GIA ever since. It is now preserved by the 0C-10 Club and not accessible to the public. The 0C-10 club holds events for club members and contributors at the site once a year or so.


The reason to why it remained at GIA is that Midwestern Airlines planes were deemed unairworthy by the FAA due to extremely bad maintenance and procedures even after several warnings. The FAA then issued a ban on Midwestern flights on the 16th May 2005 until maintenance checks had been carried out. The maintenance for this particular airframe was never carried out entirely as Midwestern Airlines shortly after declared bankruptcy and ceased operations. The airframe was never sold or shipped to the Mojave Air & Space Port due to the bad maintenance and no pilots wanted to fly it.
The reason to why it remained at GIA is that Midwestern Airlines planes were deemed unairworthy by the FAA due to extremely bad maintenance and procedures even after several warnings. The FAA then revoked the Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) for Midwestern on the 16th May 2005 until maintenance checks had been carried out on its aircraft. The maintenance for this particular airframe, parked at GIA at that time, was never carried out entirely as Midwestern Airlines declared bankruptcy and ceased operations shortly after. The airframe was never sold or shipped to the Mojave Air & Space Port due to the bad maintenance and no pilots wanted to fly it.


== Airlines and Destinations ==
== Airlines and Destinations ==
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|Dubai-International
|Dubai-International
|-
|-
|Klöten
|Klöten Airways
|Zürich
|Zürich
|-
|-
|[[North American Airways|North American]]
|[[North American Airways|North American]]
|Cancún, Edmonton, Mexico City, Montréal, Ottawa, Phoenix-Sky Harbor, San José del Cabo, Tampa
|Mexico City, Toronto-Pearson, Phoenix-Sky Harbor, San José del Cabo, Tampa
|-
|-
|Scandinavian United Shuttle
|Scandinavian United Shuttle
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|-
|-
|[[SkyLiners Airlines|SkyLiners]]
|[[SkyLiners Airlines|SkyLiners]]
| Boston, Calgary, Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, Las Vegas, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Miami, New York-JFK, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Diego, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver, Washington-Dulles<br /> '''Seasonal:''' Aspen, Reno-Lake Tahoe, Jackson Hole
| Boston, Calgary, Cancún, Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, Las Vegas, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York-JFK, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Portland (PDX), San Francisco, San Diego, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver, Washington-Dulles<br /> '''Seasonal:''' Aspen, Reno-Lake Tahoe, Jackson Hole
|-
|-
|[[Speedfly Airlines]]
|[[Speedfly Airlines]]
|Houston-William P. Hobby, Las Vegas, Sacramento
|Dallas-Love Field, Houston-William P. Hobby, Las Vegas, Ontario, Sacramento<br />'''Seasonal:''' Bellingham
|-
|-
|SunCoast Airlines
|SunCoast Airlines
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|-
|-
|[[Unified Airlines|Unified]]
|[[Unified Airlines|Unified]]
|Houston-Intercontinental, Las Vegas, New York-Newark, Orlando, Reno, Seattle-Tacoma, Tucson
|Denver, Houston-Intercontinental, New York-Newark, Orlando, Reno, San Francisco, Seattle-Tacoma, Tucson
|-
|-
|Victorian Atlantic
|Victorian Atlantic
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|-
|-
|[[Vision Airlines]]
|[[Vision Airlines]]
|Albuquerque, Atlanta, Bentonville, Charlotte, Chicago-O'Hare, Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky, Columbus, Dallas-Fort Worth, Denver, Hong Kong, Honolulu, London-Heathrow, Lihue, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Miami, Minneapolis-St Paul, New Orleans, New York-JFK, New York-Newark, Orlando, Phoenix-Sky Harbor, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Sacramento, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Tokyo-Haneda, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver, Washington-National, Zürich<br />'''Seasonal:''' Auckland
|Anchorage, Atlanta, Bentonville, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago-O'Hare, Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky, Columbus, Dallas-Fort Worth, Hong Kong, Honolulu, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Miami, Minneapolis-St Paul, New York-JFK, New York-Newark, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix-Sky Harbor, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Sacramento, San José (Costa Rica), Shanghai-Pudong (suspended), Sydney, Tokyo-Haneda, Toronto-Pearson, Vancouver, Washington-Reagan<br />'''Seasonal:''' Auckland, Edmonton, Monterrey
|}
|}


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|-
|-
|[[Baltic Exports]]
|[[Baltic Exports]]
|Buenos Aires-Ezeira, Johannesburg, Melbourne
|Buenos Aires-Ezeira, Honolulu, Melbourne, Santiago de Chile, Toronto-Pearson
|-
|-
|Changi Airlines Cargo
|Changi Airlines Cargo
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|Frankfurt, Mexico City, Dubai-Al Maktoum
|Frankfurt, Mexico City, Dubai-Al Maktoum
|-
|-
|[[Optimal Outcome Parcel Service]]
|[[OOPS Airlines|Optimal Outcome Parcel Service]]
|Anchorage, Dallas-Fort Worth, Hong Kong, London-Stansted, Louisville, New York-Stewart
|Anchorage, Dallas-Fort Worth, Hong Kong, London-Stansted, Louisville, New York-Stewart
|-
|-
|Pacific Cargo
|[[Pacific Cargo]]
|Anchorage, Calgary, Guadalajara
|Anchorage, Calgary, Guadalajara, Tokyo-Narita
|-
|-
|Polar Postal
|[[Polar Postal Airlines|Polar Postal]]
|Anchorage, Cincinnati, Frankfurt-Hahn, Hong Kong, Tokyo-Narita
|Anchorage, Cincinnati, Frankfurt-Hahn, Hong Kong, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita
|-
|-
|World Cargo
|[[World Cargo]]
|Leipzig-Halle, Miami, Milan-Malpensa, Tokyo-Narita
|Amsterdam, Leipzig-Halle, Miami, Milan-Malpensa, Seoul-Incheon, Tokyo-Narita
|}
|}


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* March 14, 1996: A [[Golden Pacific]] 777-200ER [[Golden Pacific Flight 008|overran the runway]] during landing due to pilot error in inclement weather and crashed into [[I-205]]. All 192 people in the aircraft died, making for the deadliest aviation accident in all of California.
* March 14, 1996: A [[Golden Pacific]] 777-200ER [[Golden Pacific Flight 008|overran the runway]] during landing due to pilot error in inclement weather and crashed into [[I-205]]. All 192 people in the aircraft died, making for the deadliest aviation accident in all of California.
* September 1, 2017, Vision Airlines Flight 3015: Pilot error led to the wingtips of a Vision Boeing 737 to get within 100 meters of the wingtips of a Boeing 757. Due to poor visibility, the 757 did not initiate a go around and landed as usual, causing its wake turbulence to affect the 737. The 737 suffered a wingstrike on an attempted landing and had to go around then make a successful second landing. One minor injury was reported. This accident made it so that parallel landings may not be carried out at night, as directed by ATC. Later investigations revealed that external radio signal jamming was affecting the ILS' capability to communicate with the aircraft, which caused this incident.
* September 1, 2017, Vision Airlines Flight 3015: Pilot error led to the wingtips of a Vision Boeing 737 to get within 100 meters of the wingtips of a Boeing 757. Due to poor visibility, the 757 did not initiate a go around and landed as usual, causing its wake turbulence to affect the 737. The 737 suffered a wingstrike on an attempted landing and had to go around then make a successful second landing. One minor injury was reported. This accident made it so that parallel landings may not be carried out at night, as directed by ATC. Later investigations revealed that external radio signal jamming was affecting the ILS' capability to communicate with the aircraft, which caused this incident.
* November 29, 2022: A [[Globe Handling]] vehicle went head-on with a Speedfly Airlines Bombardier Dash 8-400 (N225SL) during its pushback. The driver of the vehicle sustained minor injuries and the back of the plane was severely damaged, causing bits of cargo to fall out. The plane underwent repairs at the airport and returned to service 3 months later. Initial investigations revealed that the driver was under the influence of alcohol and did not stop the vehicle in time. This prompted more frequent drugs and alcohol testing amongst all of GIA staff. The driver's license was since revoked for 12 months.
* November 29, 2022: A [[Globe Handling]] vehicle went head-on with a Speedfly Airlines Bombardier Dash 8-400 (N225SL) during its pushback. The driver of the vehicle sustained minor injuries and the back of the plane was severely damaged, causing bits of cargo to fall out. The plane underwent repairs at the airport and returned to service 3 months later. Investigations revealed that the driver was under the influence of alcohol and failed to stop the vehicle in time. This prompted more frequent drugs and alcohol testing amongst all of GIA staff. The driver's license was since revoked for 12 months.


== Gallery ==  
== Gallery ==  
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[[Category:Transit]]
[[Category:Transit]]
[[Category:Airports]]
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